Spiritual Warfare in Islamic Contexts

Spiritual warfare and demonic manifestations in the Muslim world vary—from the Arab Middle East to the Muslim contexts of Africa, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Rick Love, a prominent missiologist who served for more than twenty years among Muslims, states, “Conservatively we can conclude that over three-quarters of the Islamic world are folk Muslims.” Generally speaking, folk Muslim practices include a strong emphasis on supernatural demonic manifestations.